Abstract: Urban nighttime vitality is closely linked to urban consumption, employment, and the quality of residents' everyday life. Taking central Shanghai as the case, this study integrates mobile-phone signaling data and points of interest (POI) from a human activity-spatial environment perspective. A locally decaying model is used to identify nighttime vitality centers and to summarize their spatial distribution and functional characteristics. The results show that nighttime vitality is centrally agglomerated. Nighttime vitality centers are strongly associated with basic urban functions and comprehensive functions, and tend to cluster around commercial and business centers, transport nodes, and several specific areas. A planning-matching assessment indicates that most planned centers can be identified at night, although some are not; meanwhile, the planned nighttime economy agglomeration areas do not fully cover the broader peripheral vitality centers. On this basis, the paper proposes planning suggestions concerning spatial layout, functional allocation, characteristic cultivation, and institutional safeguards for enhancing nighttime vitality.