Abstract: Global climate change and rapid urbanization have intensified the compound and cascading characteristics of natural disasters, making it necessary to shift from engineering-dominated static prevention to full-cycle spatial governance. Grounded in complex systems theory and the theory of the production of space, this paper deconstructs the spatial attributes of natural disaster risks through a framework of material endowment, network organization, and dynamic response, and reveals the feedback mechanism of the human-land-disaster system. On this basis, six planning systems are proposed. Site-selection disaster prevention realizes risk isolation through rigid and flexible controls; structural pre-disaster planning strengthens system resilience through network optimization; capacity-control disaster reduction lowers exposure through development-intensity thresholds; strategic open-space reservation creates elastic buffers through planned reserves; connectivity-based disaster mitigation secures functional continuity through lifeline redundancy; and smart disaster control uses digital twins to improve precise prevention and control. The study forms a technical pathway deeply integrated with territorial spatial planning and provides theoretical support for resilient city building and the modernization of spatial governance.