Abstract: Establishing an urban science system led by urbanology has long been a shared pursuit among urban researchers. The aim has been to construct, from an academic standpoint, a theoretical and methodological framework for urbanology that can provide guiding ideas and professional knowledge for urban development and planning in China. China is now at a critical historical stage in advancing Chinese modernization. Urban development is an important engine of this process, and cities have entered a new phase of development; urbanology therefore requires systematic review and renewed reflection. By tracing the historical trajectory of urban development, this paper argues that urban development in China has consistently been reform-oriented, directed toward liberating and developing productive forces and implementing national development strategies. Compared with urbanology or urban science abroad, Chinese urbanology not only advocates interdisciplinary inquiry into the scientific laws underlying urban development, but also emphasizes close integration with the theory of productive forces, national macrolevel policies, and urban institutional reform. This is the essential difference between Chinese urbanology and urbanology or urban science research overseas. On this basis, and in accordance with the requirements of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, this paper focuses on improving the urbanization strategy and developing new quality productive forces. Building on existing research in urbanology, it explains the practical significance and core content of developing urbanology in the new era, and proposes a disciplinary system composed of six key fields of urban science under the leadership of newera urbanology, with the aim of providing systematic and sustained scientific support for the construction of modern cities.