Abstract: At present, Suzhou Ancient City faces challenges such as an aging population, excessivepopulation density, low population quality, and a living environment that fails to meet thedemands of modern life. The population control strategies previously implemented, based on asingular goal of preserving traditional aesthetics, are no longer adequate to address the complexsituation of ancient city preservation and development. In response to the existing issues ofpopulation development in Suzhou Ancient City, and based on the dual demands of preservingtraditional aesthetics and enhancing social vitality, this paper focuses on the overall coordinationof ancient city protection and development, population structure adjustment and optimization,and the creation of a livable environment for sustainable social development. The study proposesa population capacity adjustment and optimization plan and technical pathway from aspects suchas population scale prediction, population structure guidance, population distribution regulation,residential space adjustment, and the distribution control of public service facilities. The goal is tomore scientifically, reasonably, and precisely guide the population capacity management of theancient city.