Abstract: With extreme disasters occurring more frequently and urban spatial systems becoming increasingly complex, emergency shelter systems face multiple challenges under multi-hazard coupled risks, including inadequate structural adaptability, weak functional coordination, and delayed response mechanisms. Existing studies tend to focus on single-hazard scenarios and facility siting, while offering insufficient understanding of disaster-chain pressure mechanisms, spatial response logics, and systematic construction pathways. Following the analytical sequence of "risk identification - structural diagnosis - system reconstruction," this study develops an integrated cognitive framework for emergency shelter systems under multi-hazard disturbance scenarios and uses Beijing as an empirical case. It identifies the linkage mechanisms of multi-hazard chains and the heterogeneous pressure patterns they generate in urban space; diagnoses functional mismatches and response imbalances in the current shelter system in terms of type classification, hierarchical configuration, and operational mechanisms from the perspectives of population exposure and spatial adaptation; and proposes a reconstruction pathway that includes reshaping shelter types, coordinating spatial layouts, and building resilient operational mechanisms. These strategies are further tested and integrated with Beijing's planning standards and local practices. The study aims to provide theoretical support and spatial- governance strategies for megacities facing the complex evolution of disaster chains, and to promote the transformation of emergency shelter systems from static facility configurations to dynamic and resilient structures.