Abstract: In the context of the unsustainable "land finance" model and ongoing reforms to the territorial spatial planning system, exploring new natural resource development models to activate resource value is critical for supporting high-quality growth. Drawing on accounting theory, this study constructs a theoretical framework for a natural resource balance sheet, proposes a natural resource asset-equity identity, and develops a three-level, six-class system for natural resources based on land use regulation. Furthermore, a four-level reporting framework—comprising master, sub, extended, and auxiliary tables—is established. Through an empirical case study of Suzhou City, Anhui Province, the paper proposes three application scenarios for natural resource balance sheets: natural resource asset audits upon the departure of leading cadres, evaluation of ecological restoration planning, and optimization of territorial spatial functional structure adjustment tables. The innovation of this research lies in integrating balance sheet theory into territorial spatial planning to conduct comprehensive physical and value-based analyses of natural resource protection and utilization. By employing resource segmentation to diagnose spatial protection and value performance, this approach enhances the scientific basis of spatial planning and strengthens the nexus between auditing and resource regulation, thereby improving government oversight. The findings suggest that the three-dimensional, dynamic, and equity-based characteristics of natural resources provide vital insights, indicating that a multidimensional, dynamic, and equity-oriented perspective should become a guiding principle for future territorial spatial planning.